이거 해석 가능할까요???ㅠㅠ 넘 어려워서...해석하다 포기했습니다... 이거 발표해야하는데...ㅠㅠ The ProFix process has limited use in solidification of high-solids content wastes, such as, sludges, filter cakes, and contaminated soils, since sorbents are not required or recommended. The chief operational disadvantage lies in the cost of shipping and handling rice hull ash. This material, while inexpensive at the source, is available in only a few locations and is expensive to transport because of its low-bulk density, which also requires that it receive specialized handling at remedial sites in order to avoid dust problems and to effect proper metering into the treatment system. The Lopat process, in the innovative sense, applies primarily to waster that contain soluble toxic metal salts, but are otherwise nonhazardous. Examples include auto shredder fluff, certain contaminated soils, and various ashes. In this case, the silicate can react directly with the metal salt, formulazing relatively immobile metal "silicates". The process can, of course, be applied, along with cementitions agents, in conventional use treating other wastes. The innovative aspect of the process, discussed in Section3751, is limited to certain applications. There appears to be no data available form independent evaluations of the Lopat process. All available data came from Lopat itself, its licensees, or customers. Except for the conner process, it appears that the soluble silicate formulations described in Subsection 3751, are not currently being used or tested as commercial processes. In any event, their use would likely be limited to specific kinds of wastes or site scenarios. It must be emphasized that although theory and bench scale testing can provide tremendous insight into and confidence in stabilization processes, the work in the field must be adequately controlled to yield comparable results. A recent report by Harwell Laboratories described the findings of an investigation of a wast stabilization site that has been operating since 1974. The Leigh facility employs a process which, according to company literature, encapsulates a wide rang of organic and inorganic wastes in a "syntheic rock which is safe, impermeable, non-polluting and non-leaching". Testing revealed much of the material was weaker than required and could not support drilling equipment for sampling in one pit. Measured values of hydraulic conductivity in the pit with the lowest strength were generally three orders of magnitude higher than those measured elsewhere. Free liquids were present in one pit with phenol concentrations up to 140. The problems were attributed to a decision in the early 1980s to include organically contaminated wastes and use of less cement in the stabilization process. This case points to the need to continually test, evaluate, monitor, and change the stabilization reagents and/or mix proportions as the nature of the waste changes. A steel manufacturer's chromium wastewater treatment plant generates a filter cake currently classified as Hazardous. Thelisted constituents are cadmium, hexavalent chromium, nickel, and cyanide(complexed). A stabilization process employing lime and flyash in a pozzolanic reaction has been shown successful in significantly reducing the mobility of the hazardous constituents. The contaminants are fixed in the calcium-aluminosilicate structure formed during the hydration process. For the process to succeed, the hexavalent chromium is first reduced to trivalent chromium. Based upon the results of both TCLP and EP toxicity testing, a petition to delist the stabilized waste has been filed. There are several limitations attending the geopolymer process. The most important is cost. Cost for large quantities of the reagents in Europe are in the range of 800 to 1000/tonne(730 to 900/ton). At present, there is no source of supply in North America. Reagent cost is about 100 to 600/tonne(90 to 550/ton) of waste treated - typically 100 to 200/tonne (90 to 180/ton) of waste for the examples tested. Therefore, at present, this process would be limited to waste and remediation scenarios that cannot be handled effecticely by other processes (Conner 1994). Additional use may be expected if the cost of the geopolymers were reduced.